Amendments Essay 8 - 2136 Words

Amendments Main article: List of amendments to the United States Constitution The Constitution has a total of 27 amendments. The first ten, collectively known as the Bill of Rights, were ratified simultaneously. The following seventeen were ratified separately. [edit] The Bill of Rights (1Ââ€"10) United States Bill of Rights currently housed in the National Archives Main article: United States Bill of Rights The Bill of Rights comprises the first ten amendments to the Constitution. Those amendments were adopted between 1789 and 1791, and all relate to limiting the power of the federal government. They were added in response to criticisms of the Constitution by the state ratification conventions and by prominent individuals such as Thomas†¦show more content†¦The only existing case law regarding this amendment is a lower court decision in the case of Engblom v. Carey. [4] No soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house, without the consent of the owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law. [edit] Fourth Amendment Main article: Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution The Fourth Amendment guards against searches, arrests, and seizures of property without a specific warrant or a probable cause to believe a crime has been committed. A general right to privacy has been inferred from this amendment and others by the Supreme Court (See Griswold v. Connecticut), including a right to abortion (Roe v. Wade). The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized. [edit] Fifth Amendment Main article: Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution The fifth forbids trial for a major crime except after indictment by a grand jury; prohibits repeated trials for the same offense after an acquittal (except in certain very limited circumstances); forbids punishment without due process of law; and provides that an accused person may not be compelled toShow MoreRelatedA Sociological And Humanistic Perspective1714 Words   |  7 Pages The purpose of this essay is to analyze a law, whether it be legislative, administrative, case law, or constitutional, from a sociological and humanistic perspective. A sociological perspective is defined as taking into account the social forces at play surrounding the creation of the law. A humanistic approach is based on the belief that law is a human construct, in other words law is the product of human emotions, desires, thoughts, and actions. To analyze a law from a social and humanistic perspectiveRead MoreMusic Censorship1016 Words   |  5 Pagescensorship. I think half of this site is pretty g ood to use for my paper. The second website has a lot of information for my readers but the author has no definite side on the issue and can’t be used to persuade my readers. The last two websites are essays about censorship and wouldn’t be good sources of information for my readers because some of the sources might not be trustable. We must stop the censoring of art and let the artists freely express their music because everyone deserves to express himRead MoreThe Proposed Law For Strip Terrorists Of Australian Citizenship Will Have Implications For The Rule Of Law1628 Words   |  7 PagesESSAY 1 – 150 words The proposed law to strip terrorists of Australian citizenship will have implications for the rule of law in Australia. 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Delegated powers are those powers of the national government thatRead MoreHow Black Codes And Jim Crow Laws1605 Words   |  7 PagesWhat I wanted to know is how black codes differed from Jim Crow laws. To answer this question I found out the history behind them, the differences and the similarities, and in that, was able to grow as a researcher. Search Results The start of my essay writing process began with research. The results of my research taught me that black codes were the laws that gave white slaveholders total custody over the blacks when they were taken from their countries and brought to the â€Å"New World.† The laws wereRead MoreHistory Of The Constitution, The Foundation Of Our National Government1323 Words   |  6 PagesSeptember 17, 1787 (The U.S. Constitution). In order for the Constitution to be passed it had to be to be ratified by nine of the thirteen states. James Madison and Alexander Hamilton wrote 85 essays, known as the The Federalist Papers†, to convince the people to ratify the Constitution. These essays talked about how the new government would work and they were put into newspapers across all the states which began in the fall of 1787. People who believed in the Constitution became known as FederalistsRead MorePlessy V Ferguson Analysis Essay1386 Words   |  6 Pagesif it happened to him, he c an happen to any of them also. The 13th Amendment states that â€Å"Neither slavery or involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any other place subjected to their jurisdiction†[3]. This amendment abolishes slavery and all of its rules about persons and property. In Tourgà ©e’s argument, this amendment was violated because by making Plessy move to a separate car, the stateRead More1st and 2nd Amendment1723 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿ The First and Second Amendments of the United States Constitution On September 25, 1789, The Bill Of Rights was submitted to the states for approval, based on the previous Constitutions insufficient assurances for civil freedom, liberties and justice. Concerned that the Constitution neglected to clearly state the basic civil rights of the citizens of the United States, Anti- Federalists opposed the Articles of Confederations, which gave state governments more authority (â€Å"Bill of Rights, n.dRead MoreLegal Liberalism Calls For Equality1680 Words   |  7 Pagesstatutes or acts the state may incorporate. However, despite the protections in our constitution, there are instances in American history where the Supreme Court has endorsed other branches to violate or limit its citizens’ economic freedom. 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The “New World” Explorer Free Essays

A common instrument of writers is to explore a terrain or new culture through the eyes of a stranger.  Ã‚   A stranger would seek to explore and discover all the facets and aspects of his new environment.  Ã‚   On the other hand, to introduce the world through the eyes of a resident becomes dull in time as the resident, having been familiar with most of the workings of his world, would leave much of it that is not within his immediate vicinity unmentioned or unsaid. We will write a custom essay sample on The â€Å"New World† Explorer or any similar topic only for you Order Now In both the stories Benito Cereno and Daisy Miller, the protagonist is an American.  Ã‚   He also has had some familiarity of his environment, but not enough not to make him less of a stranger. This identity is beneficial, as the United States is psychologically set apart from the traditions of Old Europe, and even that of Spanish America.   The protagonists suddenly become pioneers, in their attempts to discover more of their immediate strange and unfamiliar territory.  Ã‚   This â€Å"New World† effect is more enhanced as outside of the limited perspective of the protagonist, the author carefully and quietly arranges appropriate symbolisms of object, expression and style to give a subtle reference to the traditions, American for Henry Melville, and European for Henry James. The immediately recognizable symbolism seen by the protagonists in Benito Cereno and Daisy Miller is represented through the symbolism of object.  Ã‚   These are embodied in concrete landmarks that have deeper context in their respective traditions.  Ã‚   In 19th century America, in Benito Cereno the landmark was the ship of the Spaniard, the San Dominick.  Ã‚   The ship embodies the restless, pioneering spirit, which first brought Europe in contact with the Indians of the Americas; it later becomes the lifeblood of the European colonizers, particularly the Spanish, in the form of the Galleon Trade and the Slave Trade.  Ã‚   It is therefore noteworthy that San Dominick represents both institutions in its housing both treasure and African slaves (Melville, 140). Henry James’ Daisy Miller depicts the landmarks as the landscape of the mountains across the Vevey lake, the Chateau de Chillon, and the Colosseum.  Ã‚  Ã‚   The castle represents the hundreds that dot Europe’s country, having been once the social and cultural centers from Medieval times even to the 18th century, when ruling families and aristocrats reigned in lavish palaces and mansions.   The Alpine mountains are a sight common in southern Europe: from Switzerland, Italy, southern Germany and Austria, and is reminiscent of its kin west in the form of the Pyrenees.   The use of French, from terminology to architecture, represents the dominant influence of the French since the Enlightenment, and the imagery of Rome—from cobbled streets to Colosseum likewise symbolize the preservation of Europe’s antiquity throughout its reverting to contemporary times. The fear depicted in both works, meanwhile, are symbols of expressions that, in their descriptions, also indicate the respective mindsets of the peoples of those times: for instance, in the period of Benito Cereno, the threat of piracy was a very real danger encountered by any captain.  Ã‚   The ship was the lifeblood of trade between nations, and in Spain’s case between Empire and colonies. Captain Delano’s spasms of panic at the possibility of the Saint Dominick crew being pirates were understandable. Social etiquette was at the center of the â€Å"gentleman’s world† in European social circles.  Ã‚   The fears were more directed at what harmed this â€Å"social order†: scandal.  Ã‚   Thus, in Daisy Miller, the growing fear in Daisy’s open associations with men of questionable character was that it fomented a scandal among social circles, as behavior that openly defied social norms. Discrimination also plays a substantial role in the fears, which feeds off the protagonists. Captain Delano’s worries are fed by the liberal actions of the Spanish captain towards the various incidences pointing to the African’s seeming â€Å"equality† with the Spaniard—the unpunished abuse by a slave boy towards a Spanish counterpart, the reactions of two slaves upon the brusque action of one Spaniard and the treatment of the African slave-prince Atufal’s defiance (Melville, 166).   Winterbourne’s fears are borne from the disapproving observations of the women of Daisy’s associations, as is described in Daisy Miller, as well as her habit of going out at night with a total stranger—once attempted with Winterbourne, then actually acted on with Giovanelli. The symbolism of structure and style is one that can be discovered after the second and third reading.  Ã‚   It gives the reader an indication of whether, like the American tradition, the narrative is one linear and direct and practical or uses subtle undertones, as is done in European cultures.  Ã‚   In Benito Cereno, the paranoia of Captain Delano grows through different images: the sight of the Ashantee slaves with their hatchets (Melville, 161), the comings and goings of members of the Spanish crew (151, 153), and the hushed conversations of his host and the African aide (153). When the ruse is finally discovered, the resolution is swiftly conveyed through an American expedition (189-192). In contrast, European literal tradition is more reflective and focuses on the varying subtleties of movement and speech.  Ã‚   The resolution, then, is less clear if the layers of meanings of the scenes that preceded it was not easily understood.  Ã‚  Ã‚   It was therefore, in Daisy Miller, through the careful study of the exchange of words between Winterbourne and Daisy in Chateau de Chillon leading to her sudden change in demeanor, her unforgiving chidings of Winterbourne in Rome of his final words to her in Vevey, and the confrontation between them in the Colosseum, could the tragic final scenes be clearly understood. Works Cited References Melville, Herman.   Billy Budd, Sailor and Other Stories.   New York: Bantam Books, 1984. Electronic Sources James, Henry.   â€Å"Daisy Miller†.   Daisy Miller by Henry James.   February 2001, Project Gutenberg, 02 May 2002 http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/208. How to cite The â€Å"New World† Explorer, Essay examples

Concept of Leadership free essay sample

Despite this, the precise nature of leadership and its relationship to key criterion variables such as subordinate satisfaction, communication, motivation, commitment, organizational citizenship and performance is still uncertain, to the point where Fred Luthans (2008), in his book said that â€Å"it (leadership) does remain petty much of a ‘black box’ or unexplainable concept. † All over the history strong leaders such as Load Buddha, Napoleon, Mao, Gandhi, Churchill, Roosevelt, Thatcher, and Reagan have all been highly discussed because of their leadership characteristics. When Margaret Thatcher was prime minister of Great Britain, She was regularly explained as a confident, iron willed, determined and decisive woman and finally called as ‘Iron Lady’. Indian philosopher Kautiliya wrote a book named ‘Arthashatra’ years ago. It carries a number of principles and implications for leaders. Main theme of the ‘Arthashatra’ was the economic wellbeing of people. He stressed the kind of role the leaders should follow in this endeavour. He pointed out three factors for the wellbeing of the people whose responsibility lies on the hand of the rulers of the country. The three factors are wealth of the people – ‘Artha’, Prosperity in moral and religious regard – ‘Dharma’, Satisfaction for the people – ‘Kama’. It is up to the leaders of the country to provide the people with these factors as claimed by the Kautiliya. (Sastry, 1924) A Chinese philosopher named Tzu Tzu had illustrated the tactics and virtues of effective leaders in his we known book The Art of War. He pointed out the correct way of behaviour for military leaders in China in 400 BC, in winning the battle with enemies. The qualities and strategies were for any warfare associated with good leadership. They are resourcefulness, momentum, cunning, flexibility, integrity, secret, speed, positioning, surprise, deception, manipulation, responsibility and respectability. Master and Slave concept can be seen in Egyptian civilization. It hits leadership effectiveness of its rulers. The highest monuments on the earth; pyramids show evidence of such great leaders. Egyptian philosophy on ruling or leading is totally different from the Asian philosophy. The leader should not work at all. Slaves are for working- It is up to the leaders to get the work done by their slaves using their power. Leaders are for ruling and slaves are for working. Louise, 1996) Initiative leadership is most appreciated by the Japanese culture. IMAI principle of leadership reveals the Japanese leadership philosophy. Japanese concept of leadership is also worth considering here. It is supervisors that set the goals and then relies upon subordinates to work out the details for themselves in achieving the set goals. Subo rdinates are allowed to set out their own formula for the work assigned by the leader. Japanese leaders heavily trust in their subordinates in getting work done (Whitehill, 1991). Many authors have identified the importance of leadership. Most of them mainly focussed about leaders’ behaviour in achieving organizational goals. They highlighted the behaviour a leader should exhibit in concentrating the achievement. Successful leadership is always associated with performance. Physical performance of subordinates is not good enough to achieve success. Leadership should bring both the physical and ethical performance. Ethical behaviour is a major concern of today management. The search for ways to identify or develop good leaders need to continue (Miller, 1996) Leadership probably involves with achieving goals through people. Kotter (1990) identified leadership and management as two aspects of managers, which are complementary to each in achieving organizations goals. He claims that while management is vital for stability of performance leadership is a must for coping with changers. Accordingly leadership involves with †¢Setting a direction or vision †¢Aligning people †¢Monitoring and inspiring The finding of Peter and Waterman are a great contribution to the leadership literature. They showed what to do in providing leadership implementation of which results in organizational success. They are bias for action, close to he customers, autonomy and entrepreneurship, productivity through people, hand-on-value driven, strict to the knitting, simple from lean staff and simultaneous loose-tight prophecy. Peter and Waterman finding brings out a sort of action a leader should implement for effective leadership (Peter and Waterman, 1982). The key principles are workforce democracy, profit sharing, a nd free access of information. It is a sort of democracy which let subordinates to set their own working conditions, profit-sharing rewards them for doing well and the information telling them how to do. Anti hierarchical and perhaps unorthodox management philosophy should be the philosophy of leaders in organizations (Ricardo, 1989). Leaders responsibility lies in taking an organization to the destination set by the mission through positive results. It requires a great courage, responsibility and humility from the leaders of the organization. Wildblood makes the leaders responsible not only for present success but also for the future success of the firm. Setting a vision, changing or creating a culture and search for results are the tasks of leadership (Wildblood, 1995). Leaders should be able to get the cooperation from subordinates for effective implementation of his decisions. Therefore cooperation from subordinates is a prerequisite for effective leadership. Carnage has pointed out the strategies for getting the support from others, †¢Make other people feel important through a sincere appreciation of their effort. †¢Strive to make a good impression †¢Win people to your way of thinking. †¢Change people by parsing their good traits. (Dale, 1936) Effective leadership depends on the group effectiveness which the leader is responsible for. Leadership is to create a typical environment in the group, which enhances the group performance. The leader should meet the following conditions for effective group performance and leadership as well. †¢Individual skill base †¢Culture of empowerment †¢Individual character development and emotional maturity. †¢Empowerment opportunities (Covey, 1991) Eugene E. Jennings mainly focussed on the innovation perspective of the leadership. Innovativeness should be the prime quality of a leader where there is a growing loss of faith in leadership in organizations. Innovative leadership brings the organizations back to the prosperity. It gives him a power over his subordinates namely power of innovation. It requires a great deal of courage and assumes risks by the leader (Jennings, 1972). Leadership has a major role in developing people in firms. Career development programs conduct in organizations should focus on developing people in order to a required level result. Those results would be the accruement of benefits to the organization. Developing people in the organization is a duty of the leadership. Leadership should, †¢Ensure that right people will be available for meeting the challenging tasks. †¢Increase workforce diversity Provide employees with goal-oriented tasks †¢Guide and coaching (James , 1976) Robert states that leadership may vary with the same person with respect to different subjects (Anderson, 1982). Effective leadership requires providing leadership to each person. This approach is referred as ‘individual consideration’. Each different individual or group may require a different behaviour from the leader. Employee Performance, Employee Satisfaction and Employee Commitment are the main outcome variables of leadership. Each outcome variable is highly correlated with leadership and with each other (Schwab, 1970). Are all outcomes possible at one time? It is claimed that each follows another. Performance is the result of satisfaction, which is followed by the commitment of employee. The culture and values of nation are instrumental in driving its leaders and their style (Robbins et al, 2009). So leadership is differently identified and differently behaved in different cultures. Therefore it is known as a Culture Bounded concept. Any study on leadership is, therefore, imperfect without understanding the cultural setting of the inhabitants in which the leaders function. There are two types of cultures that matter; national culture and organizational culture. National culture influences leadership in two ways. It shapes the preferences of leaders, and it defines what is acceptable to subordinates. Therefore, leaders cannot choose their style at will. They are constrained by the cultural conditions in which they have been socialized and that their subordinates expect. An organization’s culture shapes leader behaviour by influencing the selection of leaders and the values that effective leaders must exhibit. Cultures create sort of environments where leaders of the organization require behaving in the specific way. It is because culture creates work related values, which rules the performance of people in organization. Leadership behaviour consistent with the culture brings better performance from the people. The culture is determined by the values on, †¢Power distance †¢Uncertainty avoidance †¢Individualism vs. collectivism †¢Masculine vs. feminism (Hofstede. , 1980) Degree of orientation of leaders on people and task may fluctuate in different organizations depending on the various value orientations of the managers. Orientation of managers is determined by mainly the Organizational Culture. They are †¢Basic nature of the human being †¢Relationship among people †¢Activity orientation †¢Relation to the nature †¢The time orientation This value orientation of organization determines the leadership orientation and resulting in deferent behaviour pattern of leaders in different organizations (Kluckhohn, 1961). Another important determinant of leadership effectiveness is the Self-image of leaders. Creating a positive image among subordinates is required for an effective functioning of leadership. This necessitates the leader to be honest, loyal to the group, faith in subordinates, integrity and strong personal character (Ziglar, 1996). Ziglar declares that the leader should help enough subordinates to what they want and leader can get everything from his subordinates in turn. Leadership is also affected by the globalization concept. It is observed that the demographics of organizational leaders are changing over past years. There is also evidence that not only who leaders are is changing, but also what they do and how they behave is changing (Luthans, 2008)