Amendments Essay 8 - 2136 Words

Amendments Main article: List of amendments to the United States Constitution The Constitution has a total of 27 amendments. The first ten, collectively known as the Bill of Rights, were ratified simultaneously. The following seventeen were ratified separately. [edit] The Bill of Rights (1Ââ€"10) United States Bill of Rights currently housed in the National Archives Main article: United States Bill of Rights The Bill of Rights comprises the first ten amendments to the Constitution. Those amendments were adopted between 1789 and 1791, and all relate to limiting the power of the federal government. They were added in response to criticisms of the Constitution by the state ratification conventions and by prominent individuals such as Thomas†¦show more content†¦The only existing case law regarding this amendment is a lower court decision in the case of Engblom v. Carey. [4] No soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house, without the consent of the owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law. [edit] Fourth Amendment Main article: Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution The Fourth Amendment guards against searches, arrests, and seizures of property without a specific warrant or a probable cause to believe a crime has been committed. A general right to privacy has been inferred from this amendment and others by the Supreme Court (See Griswold v. Connecticut), including a right to abortion (Roe v. Wade). The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized. [edit] Fifth Amendment Main article: Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution The fifth forbids trial for a major crime except after indictment by a grand jury; prohibits repeated trials for the same offense after an acquittal (except in certain very limited circumstances); forbids punishment without due process of law; and provides that an accused person may not be compelled toShow MoreRelatedA Sociological And Humanistic Perspective1714 Words   |  7 Pages The purpose of this essay is to analyze a law, whether it be legislative, administrative, case law, or constitutional, from a sociological and humanistic perspective. A sociological perspective is defined as taking into account the social forces at play surrounding the creation of the law. A humanistic approach is based on the belief that law is a human construct, in other words law is the product of human emotions, desires, thoughts, and actions. To analyze a law from a social and humanistic perspectiveRead MoreMusic Censorship1016 Words   |  5 Pagescensorship. I think half of this site is pretty g ood to use for my paper. The second website has a lot of information for my readers but the author has no definite side on the issue and can’t be used to persuade my readers. The last two websites are essays about censorship and wouldn’t be good sources of information for my readers because some of the sources might not be trustable. We must stop the censoring of art and let the artists freely express their music because everyone deserves to express himRead MoreThe Proposed Law For Strip Terrorists Of Australian Citizenship Will Have Implications For The Rule Of Law1628 Words   |  7 PagesESSAY 1 – 150 words The proposed law to strip terrorists of Australian citizenship will have implications for the rule of law in Australia. To support my argument, I will define what the rule of law is in Australia, the impacts it has on Australian legislation and two factors that are tied in with the rule of law: retrospective laws and the separation of powers. In order to support my opinion of the above statement, I will use several methods of research, which will include the following sources;Read MorePowers of the Constitution Essay546 Words   |  3 Pagesare explicitly stated while others are not. Understanding the various types of powers can be difficult and this essay is an attempt to clarify them. The Tenth Amendment of the Constitution states, The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states respectively, or to the people. From this amendment we first learn of delegated and reserved powers. Delegated powers are those powers of the national government thatRead MoreHow Black Codes And Jim Crow Laws1605 Words   |  7 PagesWhat I wanted to know is how black codes differed from Jim Crow laws. To answer this question I found out the history behind them, the differences and the similarities, and in that, was able to grow as a researcher. Search Results The start of my essay writing process began with research. The results of my research taught me that black codes were the laws that gave white slaveholders total custody over the blacks when they were taken from their countries and brought to the â€Å"New World.† The laws wereRead MoreHistory Of The Constitution, The Foundation Of Our National Government1323 Words   |  6 PagesSeptember 17, 1787 (The U.S. Constitution). In order for the Constitution to be passed it had to be to be ratified by nine of the thirteen states. James Madison and Alexander Hamilton wrote 85 essays, known as the The Federalist Papers†, to convince the people to ratify the Constitution. These essays talked about how the new government would work and they were put into newspapers across all the states which began in the fall of 1787. People who believed in the Constitution became known as FederalistsRead MorePlessy V Ferguson Analysis Essay1386 Words   |  6 Pagesif it happened to him, he c an happen to any of them also. The 13th Amendment states that â€Å"Neither slavery or involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any other place subjected to their jurisdiction†[3]. This amendment abolishes slavery and all of its rules about persons and property. In Tourgà ©e’s argument, this amendment was violated because by making Plessy move to a separate car, the stateRead More1st and 2nd Amendment1723 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿ The First and Second Amendments of the United States Constitution On September 25, 1789, The Bill Of Rights was submitted to the states for approval, based on the previous Constitutions insufficient assurances for civil freedom, liberties and justice. Concerned that the Constitution neglected to clearly state the basic civil rights of the citizens of the United States, Anti- Federalists opposed the Articles of Confederations, which gave state governments more authority (â€Å"Bill of Rights, n.dRead MoreLegal Liberalism Calls For Equality1680 Words   |  7 Pagesstatutes or acts the state may incorporate. However, despite the protections in our constitution, there are instances in American history where the Supreme Court has endorsed other branches to violate or limit its citizens’ economic freedom. In this essay I will cite court cases and documents that incited conflict, most notably â€Å"substantive due process† and â€Å"liberty of contract.† In light of these cases it prompted a massive transformation in constitutional jurisprudence such as Equal protections clauseRead MoreRatification of Constitution Essay869 Words   |  4 Pagespowers to the government and others to the states. It also guarantees the rights of the people. It took two and one-half years for the 13 colonies to ratify the Constitution. This ratification period was one of great debate and produced a series of essays complied into The Federalist. Authored by John Hamilton, James Madison and John Jay during the ratification debate in New York, they tried to get public support for the Constitution. Thus began the first defense of the Constitution and its original

The “New World” Explorer Free Essays

A common instrument of writers is to explore a terrain or new culture through the eyes of a stranger.  Ã‚   A stranger would seek to explore and discover all the facets and aspects of his new environment.  Ã‚   On the other hand, to introduce the world through the eyes of a resident becomes dull in time as the resident, having been familiar with most of the workings of his world, would leave much of it that is not within his immediate vicinity unmentioned or unsaid. We will write a custom essay sample on The â€Å"New World† Explorer or any similar topic only for you Order Now In both the stories Benito Cereno and Daisy Miller, the protagonist is an American.  Ã‚   He also has had some familiarity of his environment, but not enough not to make him less of a stranger. This identity is beneficial, as the United States is psychologically set apart from the traditions of Old Europe, and even that of Spanish America.   The protagonists suddenly become pioneers, in their attempts to discover more of their immediate strange and unfamiliar territory.  Ã‚   This â€Å"New World† effect is more enhanced as outside of the limited perspective of the protagonist, the author carefully and quietly arranges appropriate symbolisms of object, expression and style to give a subtle reference to the traditions, American for Henry Melville, and European for Henry James. The immediately recognizable symbolism seen by the protagonists in Benito Cereno and Daisy Miller is represented through the symbolism of object.  Ã‚   These are embodied in concrete landmarks that have deeper context in their respective traditions.  Ã‚   In 19th century America, in Benito Cereno the landmark was the ship of the Spaniard, the San Dominick.  Ã‚   The ship embodies the restless, pioneering spirit, which first brought Europe in contact with the Indians of the Americas; it later becomes the lifeblood of the European colonizers, particularly the Spanish, in the form of the Galleon Trade and the Slave Trade.  Ã‚   It is therefore noteworthy that San Dominick represents both institutions in its housing both treasure and African slaves (Melville, 140). Henry James’ Daisy Miller depicts the landmarks as the landscape of the mountains across the Vevey lake, the Chateau de Chillon, and the Colosseum.  Ã‚  Ã‚   The castle represents the hundreds that dot Europe’s country, having been once the social and cultural centers from Medieval times even to the 18th century, when ruling families and aristocrats reigned in lavish palaces and mansions.   The Alpine mountains are a sight common in southern Europe: from Switzerland, Italy, southern Germany and Austria, and is reminiscent of its kin west in the form of the Pyrenees.   The use of French, from terminology to architecture, represents the dominant influence of the French since the Enlightenment, and the imagery of Rome—from cobbled streets to Colosseum likewise symbolize the preservation of Europe’s antiquity throughout its reverting to contemporary times. The fear depicted in both works, meanwhile, are symbols of expressions that, in their descriptions, also indicate the respective mindsets of the peoples of those times: for instance, in the period of Benito Cereno, the threat of piracy was a very real danger encountered by any captain.  Ã‚   The ship was the lifeblood of trade between nations, and in Spain’s case between Empire and colonies. Captain Delano’s spasms of panic at the possibility of the Saint Dominick crew being pirates were understandable. Social etiquette was at the center of the â€Å"gentleman’s world† in European social circles.  Ã‚   The fears were more directed at what harmed this â€Å"social order†: scandal.  Ã‚   Thus, in Daisy Miller, the growing fear in Daisy’s open associations with men of questionable character was that it fomented a scandal among social circles, as behavior that openly defied social norms. Discrimination also plays a substantial role in the fears, which feeds off the protagonists. Captain Delano’s worries are fed by the liberal actions of the Spanish captain towards the various incidences pointing to the African’s seeming â€Å"equality† with the Spaniard—the unpunished abuse by a slave boy towards a Spanish counterpart, the reactions of two slaves upon the brusque action of one Spaniard and the treatment of the African slave-prince Atufal’s defiance (Melville, 166).   Winterbourne’s fears are borne from the disapproving observations of the women of Daisy’s associations, as is described in Daisy Miller, as well as her habit of going out at night with a total stranger—once attempted with Winterbourne, then actually acted on with Giovanelli. The symbolism of structure and style is one that can be discovered after the second and third reading.  Ã‚   It gives the reader an indication of whether, like the American tradition, the narrative is one linear and direct and practical or uses subtle undertones, as is done in European cultures.  Ã‚   In Benito Cereno, the paranoia of Captain Delano grows through different images: the sight of the Ashantee slaves with their hatchets (Melville, 161), the comings and goings of members of the Spanish crew (151, 153), and the hushed conversations of his host and the African aide (153). When the ruse is finally discovered, the resolution is swiftly conveyed through an American expedition (189-192). In contrast, European literal tradition is more reflective and focuses on the varying subtleties of movement and speech.  Ã‚   The resolution, then, is less clear if the layers of meanings of the scenes that preceded it was not easily understood.  Ã‚  Ã‚   It was therefore, in Daisy Miller, through the careful study of the exchange of words between Winterbourne and Daisy in Chateau de Chillon leading to her sudden change in demeanor, her unforgiving chidings of Winterbourne in Rome of his final words to her in Vevey, and the confrontation between them in the Colosseum, could the tragic final scenes be clearly understood. Works Cited References Melville, Herman.   Billy Budd, Sailor and Other Stories.   New York: Bantam Books, 1984. Electronic Sources James, Henry.   â€Å"Daisy Miller†.   Daisy Miller by Henry James.   February 2001, Project Gutenberg, 02 May 2002 http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/208. How to cite The â€Å"New World† Explorer, Essay examples

Concept of Leadership free essay sample

Despite this, the precise nature of leadership and its relationship to key criterion variables such as subordinate satisfaction, communication, motivation, commitment, organizational citizenship and performance is still uncertain, to the point where Fred Luthans (2008), in his book said that â€Å"it (leadership) does remain petty much of a ‘black box’ or unexplainable concept. † All over the history strong leaders such as Load Buddha, Napoleon, Mao, Gandhi, Churchill, Roosevelt, Thatcher, and Reagan have all been highly discussed because of their leadership characteristics. When Margaret Thatcher was prime minister of Great Britain, She was regularly explained as a confident, iron willed, determined and decisive woman and finally called as ‘Iron Lady’. Indian philosopher Kautiliya wrote a book named ‘Arthashatra’ years ago. It carries a number of principles and implications for leaders. Main theme of the ‘Arthashatra’ was the economic wellbeing of people. He stressed the kind of role the leaders should follow in this endeavour. He pointed out three factors for the wellbeing of the people whose responsibility lies on the hand of the rulers of the country. The three factors are wealth of the people – ‘Artha’, Prosperity in moral and religious regard – ‘Dharma’, Satisfaction for the people – ‘Kama’. It is up to the leaders of the country to provide the people with these factors as claimed by the Kautiliya. (Sastry, 1924) A Chinese philosopher named Tzu Tzu had illustrated the tactics and virtues of effective leaders in his we known book The Art of War. He pointed out the correct way of behaviour for military leaders in China in 400 BC, in winning the battle with enemies. The qualities and strategies were for any warfare associated with good leadership. They are resourcefulness, momentum, cunning, flexibility, integrity, secret, speed, positioning, surprise, deception, manipulation, responsibility and respectability. Master and Slave concept can be seen in Egyptian civilization. It hits leadership effectiveness of its rulers. The highest monuments on the earth; pyramids show evidence of such great leaders. Egyptian philosophy on ruling or leading is totally different from the Asian philosophy. The leader should not work at all. Slaves are for working- It is up to the leaders to get the work done by their slaves using their power. Leaders are for ruling and slaves are for working. Louise, 1996) Initiative leadership is most appreciated by the Japanese culture. IMAI principle of leadership reveals the Japanese leadership philosophy. Japanese concept of leadership is also worth considering here. It is supervisors that set the goals and then relies upon subordinates to work out the details for themselves in achieving the set goals. Subo rdinates are allowed to set out their own formula for the work assigned by the leader. Japanese leaders heavily trust in their subordinates in getting work done (Whitehill, 1991). Many authors have identified the importance of leadership. Most of them mainly focussed about leaders’ behaviour in achieving organizational goals. They highlighted the behaviour a leader should exhibit in concentrating the achievement. Successful leadership is always associated with performance. Physical performance of subordinates is not good enough to achieve success. Leadership should bring both the physical and ethical performance. Ethical behaviour is a major concern of today management. The search for ways to identify or develop good leaders need to continue (Miller, 1996) Leadership probably involves with achieving goals through people. Kotter (1990) identified leadership and management as two aspects of managers, which are complementary to each in achieving organizations goals. He claims that while management is vital for stability of performance leadership is a must for coping with changers. Accordingly leadership involves with †¢Setting a direction or vision †¢Aligning people †¢Monitoring and inspiring The finding of Peter and Waterman are a great contribution to the leadership literature. They showed what to do in providing leadership implementation of which results in organizational success. They are bias for action, close to he customers, autonomy and entrepreneurship, productivity through people, hand-on-value driven, strict to the knitting, simple from lean staff and simultaneous loose-tight prophecy. Peter and Waterman finding brings out a sort of action a leader should implement for effective leadership (Peter and Waterman, 1982). The key principles are workforce democracy, profit sharing, a nd free access of information. It is a sort of democracy which let subordinates to set their own working conditions, profit-sharing rewards them for doing well and the information telling them how to do. Anti hierarchical and perhaps unorthodox management philosophy should be the philosophy of leaders in organizations (Ricardo, 1989). Leaders responsibility lies in taking an organization to the destination set by the mission through positive results. It requires a great courage, responsibility and humility from the leaders of the organization. Wildblood makes the leaders responsible not only for present success but also for the future success of the firm. Setting a vision, changing or creating a culture and search for results are the tasks of leadership (Wildblood, 1995). Leaders should be able to get the cooperation from subordinates for effective implementation of his decisions. Therefore cooperation from subordinates is a prerequisite for effective leadership. Carnage has pointed out the strategies for getting the support from others, †¢Make other people feel important through a sincere appreciation of their effort. †¢Strive to make a good impression †¢Win people to your way of thinking. †¢Change people by parsing their good traits. (Dale, 1936) Effective leadership depends on the group effectiveness which the leader is responsible for. Leadership is to create a typical environment in the group, which enhances the group performance. The leader should meet the following conditions for effective group performance and leadership as well. †¢Individual skill base †¢Culture of empowerment †¢Individual character development and emotional maturity. †¢Empowerment opportunities (Covey, 1991) Eugene E. Jennings mainly focussed on the innovation perspective of the leadership. Innovativeness should be the prime quality of a leader where there is a growing loss of faith in leadership in organizations. Innovative leadership brings the organizations back to the prosperity. It gives him a power over his subordinates namely power of innovation. It requires a great deal of courage and assumes risks by the leader (Jennings, 1972). Leadership has a major role in developing people in firms. Career development programs conduct in organizations should focus on developing people in order to a required level result. Those results would be the accruement of benefits to the organization. Developing people in the organization is a duty of the leadership. Leadership should, †¢Ensure that right people will be available for meeting the challenging tasks. †¢Increase workforce diversity Provide employees with goal-oriented tasks †¢Guide and coaching (James , 1976) Robert states that leadership may vary with the same person with respect to different subjects (Anderson, 1982). Effective leadership requires providing leadership to each person. This approach is referred as ‘individual consideration’. Each different individual or group may require a different behaviour from the leader. Employee Performance, Employee Satisfaction and Employee Commitment are the main outcome variables of leadership. Each outcome variable is highly correlated with leadership and with each other (Schwab, 1970). Are all outcomes possible at one time? It is claimed that each follows another. Performance is the result of satisfaction, which is followed by the commitment of employee. The culture and values of nation are instrumental in driving its leaders and their style (Robbins et al, 2009). So leadership is differently identified and differently behaved in different cultures. Therefore it is known as a Culture Bounded concept. Any study on leadership is, therefore, imperfect without understanding the cultural setting of the inhabitants in which the leaders function. There are two types of cultures that matter; national culture and organizational culture. National culture influences leadership in two ways. It shapes the preferences of leaders, and it defines what is acceptable to subordinates. Therefore, leaders cannot choose their style at will. They are constrained by the cultural conditions in which they have been socialized and that their subordinates expect. An organization’s culture shapes leader behaviour by influencing the selection of leaders and the values that effective leaders must exhibit. Cultures create sort of environments where leaders of the organization require behaving in the specific way. It is because culture creates work related values, which rules the performance of people in organization. Leadership behaviour consistent with the culture brings better performance from the people. The culture is determined by the values on, †¢Power distance †¢Uncertainty avoidance †¢Individualism vs. collectivism †¢Masculine vs. feminism (Hofstede. , 1980) Degree of orientation of leaders on people and task may fluctuate in different organizations depending on the various value orientations of the managers. Orientation of managers is determined by mainly the Organizational Culture. They are †¢Basic nature of the human being †¢Relationship among people †¢Activity orientation †¢Relation to the nature †¢The time orientation This value orientation of organization determines the leadership orientation and resulting in deferent behaviour pattern of leaders in different organizations (Kluckhohn, 1961). Another important determinant of leadership effectiveness is the Self-image of leaders. Creating a positive image among subordinates is required for an effective functioning of leadership. This necessitates the leader to be honest, loyal to the group, faith in subordinates, integrity and strong personal character (Ziglar, 1996). Ziglar declares that the leader should help enough subordinates to what they want and leader can get everything from his subordinates in turn. Leadership is also affected by the globalization concept. It is observed that the demographics of organizational leaders are changing over past years. There is also evidence that not only who leaders are is changing, but also what they do and how they behave is changing (Luthans, 2008)

The Ethics In Which We Work Essays - Ethics, Philosophy Of Life

The Ethics In Which We Work Human Resources The ethics in which we work Through out the course of this class my thoughts and views on the aspect alone of the human resources department has changed. I once thought this was a department that had little to no foothold in the dynamics of a corporation. However it is now evident to me that with out the HR department the entire functionality of any organization would crumble to ruins. For this research paper the assignment was to investigate and research one aspect of human resources; find out how it is operated and how it can be improved upon. I plan to discuss the issue and topic of ethics, and its relation to human resources. I chose this topic because during this trying time that our nation has encountered, I feel ethics needs to be at its strongest standpoint ever. First I will define what is meant by ethics. Ethics is a set of rules or values, often set by society. These are the fibers, which set the standards for our culture, and the paths that form the means to our ends. Even though the atmosphere at the workplace should begin to code the ethical standards and practices, it is the role of HR to spell out these rules in black and white. These can be found in the employee handbook. I decided to peruse through our handbook at work, and not to my surprise the ethical message was either too short or tangled up in legal jargon. That is exactly what the problem is. Society is so far torn from its values that we need, and I say that emphatically, we need something to spell out our moral and ethical codes for us. I spoke with the human resources generalist for our facility; I asked her what she thought about the moral codes of the work place today. I asked her to try her hardest not to confuse the question with a sexual harassment situation. She had the following to say: What values? I had to laugh at this point; just knowing her cynical outlook on things the rest of this interview was bound to be interesting. The rest of the verbatim continued as follows: I remember when values were important, when a handshake meant something. The values not only of Grimes, but in the business arena as a whole has gone to hell in a hand-basket. I asked her what HR is going to do about this, and if it is fixable; her only reply was a nod of the head, and her phone rang. Back to business. I decided to look for a book on ethics to see if the search for hope was futile. The book was called Business Ethics in our Century. It was quite the philosophical piece of literature on the topic. Early on in the book the authors posed a rather interesting question. What would you do if you and another person were interviewing for the same job, and a rumor was going around suggesting the other person was racist, and guilty of sexual harassment, however you knew these allegations to be false? At first I overlooked this question, simply dismissing it for the topic sentence into another section. But after reading more my ethical understanding of how to operate in a business arena became clear to me. At this point I did not pay attention to the fact that work life and home life needed to wield different ethical swords. The societies are very different. So to answer the question about the interview I have written an answer. If I were an ethical egoist, my primary concern would be the betterment of myself through actions that seem to be the only obligation I ought to have. When viewing the meaning behind ethics basically saying that there are certain standards and values that must be maintained in the business world, and a certain level of morals must be attained and attributed. In a situation regarding myself and another prospective for the same position, and the situation pertained to the validity of a rumor stating that my opposition was racist and sexist at a former job. I would simply reply, with my ethical egotistical attitude.

Different treatments of osteoporosis can increase or prevent breast cancer in women The WritePass Journal

Different treatments of osteoporosis can increase or prevent breast cancer in women Different treatments of osteoporosis can increase or prevent breast cancer in women IntroductionTreatments   Activation of RANK-ligand leads to breast cancer ReferencesRelated Introduction Osteoporosis is a progressive disease where bone catabolism increases faster than its formation decreasing the density of bones which results in a great bone weakness. Osteoporosis is associated with a great level of calcium loss making the bones very porous and fragile.   Osteoporosis is a disease that affects 1 in 3 women and 1 in 12 men and can cause death in a severely fractured hip. Osteoporosis treatments targets bone cells to prevent bone weakening. Additionally, it also significantly reduces menopausal symptoms but increase the risk of breast cancer development. However, other treatments and specific inhibition factors can prevent or delay the formation of breast cancer in women. Bones hold 99% of the body’s calcium which is involved in the daily turnover of the bones. Two essential cells are involved in the daily turnover of the bones. Osteoblasts, cells responsible for the bone formation taking place by producing a matrix of collagen which becomes mineralised. Osteoclasts cells functions in the breakdown and resorption of the bone tissue. Skeletal homeostasis is maintained through a balance between the activity of osteoblasts and osteoclasts. The leading cause for osteoporosis is the lack of certain hormones and particularly oestrogen in women. This is because bone loss takes place as a result of oestrogen deficiency. In post-menopausal women an excessive resorption takes place causing bone weakness (osteopenia) and over time osteoporosis.6 During menopause osteoblasts fail to function properly and bone weakening rapidly occurs due to oestrogen levels significantly dropping. Therefore, the risk of osteoporosis in post-menopausal women increases due to a decline in oestrogen levels. Oestrogen regulates the activity of osteoclasts cells which results in slowing the dissolving of the bones. Treatments Hormones are the most crucial modulators of bone formation as it has a direct effect on the bones by interacting with receptors. Treatments such as hormone replacements therapy (HRT) are widely used to entirely restore the rate of post-menopausal loss.1 HRT protects against thinning of the bones by increasing the availability of oestrogen levels in the body.   It has a direct effect on cells by interacting with receptors at the surface of the cell. Its effect is mediated through a receptor called oestrogen receptor ÃŽ ±. The hormone binds to the receptor and is transported to the nucleus where receptor hormone acts as a switch to turn on the gene. However, many severe side effects are associated with this type of treatments such as breast cancer. Other treatments such as selective oestrogen receptor modulator (SERM) also target oestrogen receptors in the body. SERM’s act as agonist or antagonist depending on different tissues in the body, it blocks oestrogen functioning in various parts of the body in order to increase the availability of the hormone in receptors located inside the bones for increased bone formation. Raloxifene is a selective oestrogen receptor modulator that has oestrogenic actions on the bone and anti-oestrogenic actions on other tissues such as the breast and the uterus. However, both treatments HRT and SERM are highly effective in alleviating menopausal symptoms. 4   Activation of RANK-ligand leads to breast cancer Receptor activator nuclear factor (RANK) is a protein that is involved in the activation of bone formation and regulation of osteoclastic bone resorption. It acts primarily as a signal pathway to increase bone removal. Bone resorption is dependent on a cytokine known as RANK-L. RANK binds to its receptor RANK-L when expressed by the osteoclasts to activate and stimulate the osteoclastic formation which leads to bone resorption. HRT triggers the RANK-L protein in breast cells which allows it to multiply causing a tumour. Studies and researches have shown that the activation of RANK is responsible for causing cancer in patients with osteoporosis.3 Therefore, blocking the RANK pathway with a drug can prevent breast cancer and also stop normal bone destruction. Studies showed that women taking HRT had a higher rate of developing breast cancer. After 5 years of follow up, women taking these hormones had a 20% increase in breast cancer risk compared with placebo group. Therefore, the longer HRT medication is taken for, the greater the risk of breast cancer. In the fourth year and thereafter, breast cancer rates were higher in the oestrogen group with a significant trend of increasing breast cancer over time. Raloxifene shows a reduced incidence of breast cancer by 27% compared to HRT. A statistically significant reduction in the incidence of breast cancer is shown among women taking raloxifene compared with the placebo group.5 According to the graph above raloxifene appeared to be most effective in reducing the incidence of breast cancer compared to HRT. HRT aims to reduce the level of bones affected by increasing oestrogen in the body. However, it is one of the leading causes for breast cancer in women. Raloxifene is an alternative treatment used for patients with osteoporosis to reduce the level of bone dissolving and preventing severe side effects such as breast cancer. A separate study has shown that women who have abandoned HRT treatment had reduced breast cancer rates by 6%.2A study contradicting, based on several years of clinical trials shows that HRT is not the direct cause for breast cancer as women are at an elevated risk of developing breast cancer with age. Lifestyle also plays a great role in breast cancer development, the study reported that standard way of living such as smoking, fish intake, working on a night shift and birth weight increases the relative risk of breast cancer development and not synthetic hormones alone.1 Therefore if women were to abandon HRT drugs, normal daily life routine should also be consider ed in order to reduce the risk of breast cancer. References Bluming A Z. (2009). Hormone Replacement Therapy: Real Concerns and  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   False Alarms. The Cancer Journal. 15 (2), 93-104.   Callaway E. (2010). Bone-disease drug could treat breast cancer. Nature.10 (3). Castellano D et al. (2011).The Role of RANK-Ligand Inhibition in Cancer: The Story of Denosumab. The Oncologist. 16 (2), 135-146. H Michael. (2007). Differential effects of selective oestrogen receptor. British Journal of Pharmacology. 151 (8), 384-395. Natl J. (2008). Reduced Incidence of Invasive Breast Cancer With Raloxifene Among Women. Cancer Inst. 100 (12), 854-861. Sambrook P. (2006). Osteoporosis. The Lancet. 367 (3), 2010-2018. Watanabe K et al. (2010).Osteocytes in Normal Physiology and Osteoporosis. Springer. 2 (8), 224–232.

The Real Shape of Raindrops

The Real Shape of Raindrops Much like the snowflake symbolizes all things winter, a teardrop is a symbol of water and rain. We see them in illustrations and even on weather maps on TV. The truth is, a raindrop assumes several shapes as it falls from a cloud- none of which resemble teardrops. What is the true shape of a raindrop? Lets follow it along its journey from cloud to ground and find out! Droplets Raindrops, which are collections of millions of tiny cloud droplets, start out as small and round spheres. But as raindrops fall, they lose their rounded shape thanks to the tug-of-war between two forces: surface tension (the waters outer surface film which acts to hold the drop together) and the air flow which pushes up against the raindrops bottom as it falls.   Sphere to Hamburger Bun When the drop is small (under 1 mm across), surface tension wins out and pulls it into a spherical shape. But as the drop falls, colliding with other drops as it does so, it grows in size and it falls faster which increases the pressure on its bottom. This added pressure causes the raindrop to flatten on the bottom. Since the air flow on the bottom of the water drop is greater than the airflow at its top, the raindrop  remains curved on top, the raindrop resembles a hamburger bun. Thats right, raindrops have more in common with hamburger buns than falling on them and ruining your cookout- they are shaped like  them! Jelly Bean to Umbrella As the raindrop grows even bigger, the pressure along its bottom increases further and presses a dimple into it, making the raindrop look jelly-bean-shaped. When the raindrop grows to a large size (around 4 mm across or larger) the air flow has pressed so deeply into the water drop that it now resembles a parachute or an  umbrella. Soon after, the air flow presses through the raindrops top and breaks it apart into smaller drops.       To help visualize this process, watch the video, Anatomy of a Raindrop, courtesy of NASA.    Visualizing the Shape Due to the high speeds at which water droplets fall through the atmosphere, it is very difficult to see the variety of shapes it takes in nature without the use of high-speed photography. However, there is a way to model this in the lab, the classroom, or at home. An experiment you can do at home represents an analysis of raindrop shape through experimentation. Now that you know about raindrop shape and size, continue your raindrop exploration by learning why some rainshowers feel warm and others are cool to the touch.   SourcesAre Raindrops Tear-Shaped?  The USGS Water Science School

Assessment of Views On Democracy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Assessment of Views On Democracy - Essay Example The United States model of democratization is rather political. This form of democratization emphasizes on a political struggle of democrats seeking dominance over non-democrats. Political parties have a crucial place in this model. This models aims at gaining political liberties. In this process, institutions receive a lot of attention with democrats ensuring there is a level of democracy in political parties, elections, and institutions that fight for civil rights. This model has been the guideline of the United States struggled for democracy over the years. The nations politics consists of democrats fighting non –democrats and implementation of policies that favor the existing institutions. In its promotion of democracy, the United States urges other nation to adopt this model. The Bush regime of the United States made efforts of promoting this type of democratization. In most of the cases, these two models usually overlap. Carothers gives the illustration of Canada; a coun try that had focused on the developmental model, but is recently making advances into the political model through the promotion of institutions. Carothers presents a guideline that characterizes the democratization process. One of these involves the presence of a vibrant and independence of the civil society.